The hardest work in the world is being out of work.
- Whitney Young 丨 American civil rights leader. He spent most of his career working to end employment discrimination in the United States.
Intro :
India is one of the world’s largest countries, with a yearly average population growth of 1 per cent. As a developing market economy, the main sectors in India include agriculture, industries, and services. The agriculture sector had the largest share of employed individuals. In 2018, there were over 11 million workers in the country employed in factories.
Labour in India refers to employment in the economy of India. In 2020, there were around 501 million workers in India, the second largest after China. Out of which, agriculture industry consists of 41.19%, industry sector consists of 26.18%, and service sector consists 32.33% of the total labour force. Of these over 94 per cent work in unincorporated, unorganized enterprises.
History :
The Trade Unions Act 1926 provided recognition and protection for a nascent India. In 1997, India had about 59,000 trade unions registered with the government of India. The largest federation of trade unions, INTUC have a combined number of members at 2.2 million, represents about 0.5% of India's labour force in the organised sector and unorganised sector.
Between 2004 and 2011, India has experienced a decline in unionised labour. The number of labour disputes has dropped to 400 annually over the same period, compared with over 1,000 in the 1990s.
The data shows that about 7 per cent of the 400 million-strong workforce were employed in the formal sector (comprising government and corporates) in 2000 contributing 60 per cent of the nominal GDP of the nation.
Content :
Labour structure in India -
Over 94 per cent of India's working population is part of the unorganised sector. Unorganised sector, also known as own-account enterprises, refers to all unlicensed, self-employed or unregistered economic activity such as owner manned general stores, handicrafts and handloom workers, rural traders. India's Ministry of Labour, in its 2008 report, classified the unorganised labour in India into four groups. This classification categorized India's unorganised labour force by occupation, nature of employment, especially distressed categories and service categories. The unorganised sector has low productivity and offers lower wages. India's unorganised sector created just 57 per cent of India's national domestic product in 2006, or about 9 fold less per worker than the organised sector.
Unorganized labour issues -
Many issues plague unorganised labour. India's Ministry of Labour has identified significant issues with migrant, home or bondage labourers and child labour.
- Migrant labour :
India has two broad groups of migrant labourers - one that migrates to temporarily work overseas, and another that migrates domestically on a seasonal and work available basis. There has been a substantial flow of people from Bangladesh and Nepal to India over recent decades in search of better work.
Domestic migrant workers have been estimated to be about 4.2 million. They are typically employed for remuneration in cash or kind, in any household through any agency or directly, to do the household work. The employment of these migrant workers is typically at the will of the employer and the worker, and compensation varies.
Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic have faced multiple hardships. With factories and workplaces shut down due to the lockdown imposed in the country, millions of migrant workers had to deal with the loss of income, food shortages and uncertainty about their future. 80 died while travelling back home on the Shramik Special trains, in the one month since their launch.
- Child labour :
- Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 :
- National Career Service Scheme :
- National Rural Employment Programm :
The National Rural Employment Programme offers people from rural areas an equal shot at job opportunities across the nation. The growing disparity in terms of personal finance between those in the rural and urban areas has increasingly led to people from the rural areas moving to the urban areas, making urban management difficult. The NREP aims to provide employment opportunities in the rural areas, especially in times of drought and other such scarcities.
- Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana :
The Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana is a scheme that aims to help the poor by providing them industrially recognised skills. The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development. The purpose of the scheme is to eradicate both urban and rural poverty from the country by providing necessary skills to individuals that help them find well-paying job opportunities.
Economists criticism :
Scholars suggest India's rigid labour laws and excessive regulations assumed to protect the labour are the cause of slow employment growth in high paying, organised sector.
India's private sector, including its organised manufacturing sector, employs about 10 million Indians. Manufacturing firms need to obtain government permission to lay off workers from factories, and this permission is usually denied if they have more than 100 staff. This partly explains why most Indian firms are small: 87 per cent of employment in India's organised manufacturing sector is in firms with fewer than ten employees, compared with only 5 per cent in China.
Conclusion :
If the problem of unemployment is solved it will help in the development of the country. With a population of 1.20 billion in our country, the unemployment rate is increasing day by day. According to the Global Employment Trends 2014, the unemployment rate has raised to 3.8%, last year it was 3.7%. The government needs to address this issue properly.
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